Is JavaScript synchronous or asynchronous? What the hell is a promise?
We, the people, like structure. We like categories and descriptions and putting everything we know into tidy little boxes. This is why I found JavaScript so confusing at first. Is it a scripting or a programming language? Is it used on the front or back end?
The wonderful (read: awful) thing about JavaScript is that, most of the time, it’s a little bit of both. JavaScript has evolved so much over the years that it’s slippery to categorize. Today, I’m just going to dive into whether JavaScript is synchronous or asynchronous, and what workflow looks like under the hood.
JavaScript is Synchronous
Spoiler: at its base, JavaScript is a synchronous, blocking, single-threaded language. That just means that only one operation can be in progress at a time. That’s not the entire story, though!
What if you have to make an expensive database request? You don’t want to be twiddling your thumbs while ol’ PG and Postgres grab those 800 songs you need for your music library. Synchronous code makes a programmer’s life very difficult, so the JavaScript community developed some great workarounds.
When you hear folks say that JavaScript is an asynchronous language, what they mean is that you can manipulate JavaScript to behave in an asynchronous way. It’s not baked in, but it’s possible! Here are a few ways to make that happen:
Asynchronous Callbacks
The earliest and most straightforward solution to being stuck in the synchronous world was asynchronous callbacks (think setTimeout()).
Let’s use a database request as an example: asynchronous callbacks allow you to invoke a callback function which sends a database request (and any other nested callbacks) off to your app, where it waits for the response from the database, freeing up the rest of your code to continue running.
Once the database request completes, the results (and any other nested code) are sent to the queue, and then processed through the event loop.
In the diagram here, you can see how this differs from synchronous code. Function C, along with E, F and G are all sent off to the browser, queue and event loop.
Now, this is a great solution, but it leaves a little something to be desired. Because you can’t predict exactly when function C will resolve, you have to nest all dependent functions within it. This gets messy fast, and leads to the infamous callback hell that no one wants to deal with. It was this environment that inspired the promise:
Promises
In order to deal with callback hell, libraries like Bluebird or Q allowed programmers to clean up their syntax and write code that operated asynchronously but looked synchronous. This resulted in code that was easier to read and faster to run.
With a promise, instead of bundling all dependencies into one code block and sending the entire thing off to the browser, we’re able to separate them out.
We can send the asynchronous callback (Function C) to the browser, and use .then() to hold all other dependencies (E, F and G) aside, running them only once Function C returns and runs.
This allows us to code in a more modular, readable way, while still gaining the benefits of asynchronous programming.
Async/Await
Promises were fantastic — so fantastic, in fact, that ES6 brought them into the language as a standard. Using promises still left asynchronous code looking and feeling slightly wonky, so we now have beautiful and stunning Async/Await to help us out!
The async function declaration defines an asynchronous function, which returns an AsyncFunction object. An asynchronous function is a function which operates asynchronously via the event loop, using an implicit Promise to return its result. But the syntax and structure of your code using async functions is much more like using standard synchronous functions.
Example For Async Await:-
There are entire blog posts and (I’m sure) books written about Async/Await, so I’m not going to go into it in too much depth, but suffice it to say that Async/Await allows you to:
- Continue using promises
- Write asynchronous code that looks and feels synchronous
- Cleans up your syntax and makes your code more human-readable
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